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Energy and environment in Chinese rural housing: Current status and future perspective

Xudong YANG, Yi JIANG, Ming YANG, Ming SHAN,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 35-46 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0001-5

摘要： A large scale national survey of energy consumption and indoor environment quality of China’s rural housing was conducted from 2006–2007. The survey covered 15 provinces in northern China and 9 provinces in southern China. The survey data indicate that excessive building energy consumption and poor indoor environment pose significant challenges to the sustainable development of China’s rural housing. Possible causes are analyzed, the current status explained and possible development trends predicted. Strategies for sustainable and environmentally appropriate energy development in rural areas are recommended with an example of the “Zero-Coal, Low Energy Village”.

关键词： rural energy energy-saving sustainability

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Energy efficiency of rural residential buildings: a sustainable case study in Daping Village, Sichuan

Jiaping LIU, Rongrong HU, Liu YANG, Dalong LIU, Runshan WANG,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 117-121 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0081-2

摘要： A new type of rural residential building that is ecological, energy efficient and comfortable was designed. Research on the new building was sponsored by the Post-disaster Reconstruction Project in Daping Village, Sichuan Province. Based on field investigation and quantitative analysis, an appropriate design strategy and technology is presented, including climatic design strategies, local material use and building energy simulation.

关键词： rural residential building energy efficiency sustainability

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我国农村地区能源形势分析

邓可蕴,贺亮

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第6期页码 52-58

摘要：

中国农村地区能源消费关系到农村经济、农村居民生活和环境质量。文章着重分析了农村地区能源消费形势：1995年农村能源消费总量达690Mt标准煤，其中乡镇企业消费325Mt标准煤；农村人均商品能源消费仍然很低，只为全国平均水平的二分之一；通过农村能源建设，现已开发利用可再生能源（折合标准煤）近30Mt；随着农民生活水平的提高，优质能源需求也随之增加。文章客观分析了存在的能源、经济和环境等问题，为进一步探讨农村能源发展战略奠定了基础。

关键词：农村能源建设消费形势

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我国农村地区中长期能源需求预测

邓可蕴,贺亮

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第7期页码 16-21

摘要：

农村地区能源需求预测属于区域能源需求预测的范畴，主要突出地域的概念。预测中国农村地区能源消费需求形势，将有助于制订农村可持续发展的能源战略。本文根据我国要在2050年达到世界中等发达国家的经济水平这一大目标的要求，通过科学分析测算，提出了农村地区中长期能源需求的常规方案和加强可再生能源开发利用的方案。预计到2020年和2050年，农村地区居住人口分别为6.7亿和4.8亿，采用加强方案，对商品能源的需求量将分别达到12.9×10⁸t和16.3×10⁸t标准煤。

关键词：农村能源需求预测

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基于农村能源革命的生态文明建设典型范式和实施路径研究

刘晓龙,葛琴,姜玲玲,呼和涛力,崔磊磊,李彬,杜祥琬

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第5期页码 106-112 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.05.011

摘要：

我国生态文明建设的薄弱环节在农村，农村能源革命是促进农村生态文明建设、实施乡村振兴战略的重要内容。本文在分析我国农村能源消费和生产现状以及面临主要问题的基础上，综合考虑不同地区农村经济发展水平、资源禀赋与能源消费等特征，按照经济发达的城郊型农村、经济中等发达的传统型农村、经济欠发达的偏远型农村3 种农村地区类型划分，总结了基于农村能源革命的生态文明建设典型范式和实施路径。研究表明，经济发达的城郊型农村宜采用“统筹规划、完善设施，城乡互动、能源互联”的能源革命典型范式，经济中等发达的传统型农村宜采用“因地制宜、多能互补，节能优先、效能为本”的能源革命典型范式，经济欠发达的偏远型农村宜采用“集中开发、外送为主，电能消费、需求保障”的能源革命典型范式。相关研究可为我国农村能源革命和生态文明建设实践提供参考。

关键词：农村能源革命生态文明建设因地制宜城乡融合

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农村可持续发展能源战略对策与建议

邓可蕴,贺亮

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第8期页码 43-54

摘要：

根据我国农村地区可持续发展的能源战略和建设方针，文章总结、分析了农村能源建设的经验。按照市场经济体制改革的形势，分阶段提出了农村地区能源资源节约、开发和综合利用等方面的战略重点和对策建议。并系统地探讨了县级农村能源综合建设的成功模式，指出了农村能源建设的发展方向。

关键词：农村能源技术政策综合建设模式

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Thermal and energy analysis of a Chinese kang

Zhi ZHUANG, Yuguo LI, Xudong YANG, Bin CHEN, Jiaping LIU,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 84-92 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0009-x

摘要： About 67million Chinese kangs are still used by about 175million people in China today. The kang utilizes biomass burning for space heating and hence reduces the use of commercial energy. However, the existing design of kangs is largely based on the accumulated experience of craftsmen, for lack of scientific studies and engineering design guidelines. Poor construction of kangs also leads to serious indoor air pollution. In this paper, a macroscopic smoke flow and heat transfer model of an elevated kang is integrated in a widely-used building energy analysis software in China–DeST, and the integrated software can be used for the thermal performance analysis of kang-integrated houses. A typical house with kangs in various villages of northern China is chosen as a case study. The annual performance of the kang under different insulations of building envelope and climatic conditions are discussed. Based on the simulation results, it is found that the thermal comfort requirement of the outside surface of the upper kang plate can be met by a proper construction of the kang and selection of the appropriate firing pattern. The better the insulation of the building envelope is or the better the room air tightness is, the greater the indoor air temperature rise and the greater the building heating load contribution of the kang. In the eight selected cities in northern China, the use of kang can meet 50%–80% of the house heating load.

关键词： Chinese kang elevated kang rural house thermal modeling building energy efficiency DeST

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北京市城乡节能节水政策中长期耦合效果分析

刘耕源,胡俊梅,杨志峰

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第5期页码 120-129 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.05.007

摘要：

本文基于长期能源可替代规划系统模型（LEAP）与水资源评价和规划模型（WEAP）建立了城市的能水耦合模型，设立情景分析探讨北京市未来不同措施下城乡的节能/ 节水以及其耦合效果，并对结果进行敏感性分析。模型结果表明，未来北京市能源消费总量将逐年缓慢增长；按预测的供水能力则不会出现供需短缺。“十三五”期间节水政策的总节能量为1.00³×10⁶ tce，节能政策的节水量达到2.76×10⁸ m³。居民生活、服务业、建筑业、传统制造业的能源需求值与水需求值具有较好的相关性，是重要的能水耦合部门。对于不同情景不同时期的节能/ 节水效果而言，产业结构优化政策在短期可表现出较好的节能潜力；农业部门的灌溉技术革新与种植结构优化情景，在短期具有较好的节能与节水效果。对于能水节约的协同效应，其在服务业与工业部门节能情景中较明显；对于同一个部门的政策，调控用能强度的情景能水协同节约效应较明显。

关键词：北京市城乡节能节水政策耦合分析

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日本乡村规划建设治理研究

冯旭,王凯,马克尼

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第2期页码 34-39 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.02.016

摘要：

本文对日本新版国土形成规划中的乡村定位，以及典型地区的乡村规划思路、建设内容、基层治理等进行了深入研究。日本乡村地区的规划与治理是在地方政府及村民自治会共同引导下，通过挖掘、发扬地域特色，实现对传统文化的保护、特色产业的振兴、乡村规划的编制、建设行为的管治。在未来乡村发展战略及建设重点、乡村规划编制目标与具体内容、乡村基层治理分工三个方面，对我国乡村规划建设与管理具有借鉴意义。

关键词：乡村发展战略乡村规划乡村建设乡村治理日本乡村

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Review of challenges and strategies for balanced urban–rural environmental protection in China

Beidou XI,Xiaoguang LI,Jixi GAO,Ying ZHAO,Hongliang LIU,Xunfeng XIA,Tianxue YANG,Lieyu ZHANG,Xuan JIA

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第3期页码 371-384 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0744-z

摘要： With the rise of environmentalism in China, great efforts have been devoted to environmental protection over the past several decades. Compared with urban environmental protection, rural environmental protection has not been attached enough importance in China due to the dual-track structure of socio-economic development. As a result, rural China is shouldering disproportionally heavy environmental burdens partly because of the differences and biases between urban and rural environmental protection seen in environmental policies, environmental rights and interests, environmental protection investment, and the environmental protection awareness of people. To eliminate the gap between rural and urban environmental protection, and achieve the goal of “balanced urban–rural environmental protection” (BUREP), government should consider mapping out proper policies and strategies. In this paper we put forward an innovative strategy of BUREP against the background of China’s urban-rural environmental protection. First, we review the current status of rural environmental protection status and its challenges compared with urban environmental protection in China. Secondly, we analyzed the main driving factors and reasons deeply, and then we put forward the BUREP strategy base on the unequal status between urban and rural environment. Finally, we proposed the framework of BUREP. This study may serve as a scientific reference regarding decision-making in coordinating urban and rural environmental protection and in constructing the new countryside of China.

关键词： urban environment rural environment balanced urban–rural environmental protection framework of balanced urban–rural environmental protection (BUREP)

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Potential and economic viability of standalone hybrid systems for a rural community of Sokoto, North-west

O. D. OHIJEAGBON,Oluseyi. O AJAYI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第2期页码 145-159 doi: 10.1007/s11708-014-0304-z

摘要： An assessment of the potential and economic viability of standalone hybrid systems for an off-grid rural community of Sokoto, North-west Nigeria was conducted. A specific electric load profile was developed to suite the community consisting 200 homes, a school and a community health center. The data obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Department, Oshodi, Lagos (daily mean wind speeds, and daily global solar radiation for 24 years from 1987 to 2010) were used. An assessment of the design that will optimally meet the daily load demand with a loss of load probability (LOLP) of 0.01 was performed, considering 3 stand-alone applications of photovoltaic (PV), wind and diesel, and 3 hybrid designs of wind-PV, wind-diesel, and solar-diesel. The diesel standalone system (DSS) was taken as the basis of comparison as the experimental location has no connection to a distribution network. The HOMER® software optimizing tool was engaged following the feasibility analysis with the RETScreen software. The wind standalone system (WSS) was found to be the optimal means of producing renewable electricity in terms of life cycle cost as well as levelised cost of producing energy at $0.15/(kW·h). This is competitive with grid electricity, which is presently at a cost of approximately $0.09/(kW·h) and 410% better than the conventional DSS at a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of $0.62/kWh. The WSS is proposed for communities around the study site.

关键词： photovoltaic (PV) power wind power solar-wind hybrid cost per kilowatt-hour clean energy

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Comparative analysis of energy use in China building sector: current status, existing problems and solutions

Shengyuan ZHANG, Xiu YANG, Yi JIANG, Qingpeng WEI,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 2-21 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0023-z

摘要： Energy use in buildings has attracted more and more attention due to its significant proportion in the energy pan of the world. China is the second largest energy user, yet the situation of energy use in the China building sector remains unclear, due to problems of statistics and data processing and problematic use of these data. In this paper, a series of methods is developed, in the first place, to give strict definitions of energy data and to divide energy use into 4 sub-sectors according to the unique situation of China. Then, each sub-sector is further analyzed through international comparisons. Existing problems of energy use and solutions for energy reduction in each sub-sector are also discussed. Accordingly, it is found that China uses much less energy, in terms of both per capita and unit area, in buildings than developed countries. The difference in energy use could be attributed, in large part, to lifestyles of local people, which could determine their way of energy use but is more determined by cultural concepts than by others such as income, technique and so on, especially in China. However, to fulfill the requirements of lifestyles with higher living standards and lower energy consumption, technological innovations are needed.

关键词： building energy use lifestyle and technology residential building commercial building rural building

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A comprehensive overview of rural solid waste management in China

Chao ZENG,Dongjie NIU,Youcai ZHAO

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第6期页码 949-961 doi: 10.1007/s11783-015-0816-8

摘要： This paper aims to conduct a comprehensive review of rural solid waste (RSW) in terms of characteristics, management and legislation. Survey results show that RSW generation rates range from 0.25 to 2.1 kg·(capita·d) in different rural villages across regions of China. Total RSW generation has been increasing, which is far higher than official data in 2014. RSW are dominated by food residue and coal ash/cinder/dust (at approximately 70%). Most of RSW are still discarded randomly without any treatment in China. Scattered RSW generation sources, imperfect legislation system, poor infrastructure on treatment and disposal are identified as the biggest challenge for RSW management currently in China. To improve RSW management, increasing financial resources, establishing sorting collection and transportation network, promoting sorting collection and recycling, improving treatment technology are proposed as the possible solution.

关键词： rural solid waste characteristics management legislation China

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基于文化传承的微介入乡村规划策略研究

郭海鞍

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第2期页码 27-33 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.02.019

摘要：

长期以来，乡村规划一直沿袭城市规划设计的体系，以总图或鸟瞰图来表达对乡村规划的成果。很多地方政府一轮一轮做规划，但乡村风貌的改善效果甚微，这是因为忽视了乡村内在的文化传承问题，忽视了文化价值观的内在作用。源于城市的规划设计方法不能草率地划定乡村生活，因此需要研究一种与乡村文化传承相适应的规划设计理论。微介入规划理论是针对文化引导下的乡村复兴规划策略，基于一种小微渐进的方法，逐步实现乡村的改造与复兴，这种策略在当今大拆大改气势正盛的新一轮乡村规划进程中，显得尤为重要。

关键词：乡村规划微介入规划推演、容错乡村文化乡村复兴